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Landiolol and esmolol prevent tachycardia without altering cerebral blood flow

[Le landiolol et l’esmolol préviennent la tachycardie sans altérer le débit sanguin cérébral]

Shigeru Saito, MD^*, Fumio Nishihara, MD^*, Tomioka Akihiro, MD^*, Koichi Nishikawa, MD^*, Hideaki Obata, MD^*, Fumio Goto, MD^* and Naoya Yuki, MD

^* From the Departments of Anesthesiology and
Psychiatry, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Dr. Shigeru Saito, Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showamachi, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan. Phone: +81-27-220-8454; Fax: +81-27-220-8473; E-mail: shigerus{at}showa.gunma-u.ac.jp

Purpose: Several ß-adrenergic-blocking drugs have been used during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to stabilize the hemodynamic alterations following electrical stimulation. The effects of two ultra-short acting ß-adrenergic-blocking drugs, esmolol and landiolol, on systemic and cerebral circulation were studied during ECT.

Methods: In the first study (n = 15), dose-dependent hemodynamic changes were studied when landiolol was administered immediately after induction of anesthesia. In the second study (n = 12), effects of esmolol and landiolol on systemic and cerebral circulation were compared. Patients in Study 1 received three doses of landiolol, and patients in Study 2 received two types of ß-adrenergic-blocking drugs, in a randomized cross-over design in a series of ECT trials.

Results: In the first study, 0.25 to 0.5 mg·kg^–1 landiolol induced a lower heart rate after the electrical stimulation compared to vehicle (P < 0.01). Landiolol did not have significant effects on blood pressure. In the second study, heart rate was stabilized by 1.0 mg·kg^–1 esmolol iv or 0.5 mg·kg^–1 landiolol iv. Increase in mean blood pressure was ameliorated by esmolol (P < 0.01), but not by landiolol. Mean cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery increased at one to two minutes after the electrical stimulation regardless of the use of ß-adrenergic-blocking drugs (P < 0.01). Muscular and electroencephalographic seizure durations were not significantly altered by the ß-adrenergic-blocking drugs.

Conclusion: Landiolol suppresses heart rate elevation during ECT without affecting blood pressure. Cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery is not affected by the use of either esmolol or landiolol.